Flower Biology and the Effects of Different Chemicals on Pollen Germination of Some Early Sweet Cherry Cultivars

Abstract Sweet cherry fruit is a tasty and valuable product for consumers. In order to increase the export share of cherry, which is also very important in export, it is beneficial to grow with cherry varieties that mature at different times. The cherries offered to the market in the early period will be more attractive. In this study, morphological and biological features of pistils of early-maturing 'Cristalina', 'Early Lory', 'Prime Giant', fruit set rates and pollen germination status and some chemical applications were investigated. As a result, fruit sets of cultivars were 17.6-28.6% in two years. Significant differences were observed in pistil morphology of the cultivars and 'Cristalina' had shorter pistil (14.35-14.51 mm) and style (11.47-11.65 mm) lengths than the other cultivars. Greater deformation was observed in primary ovules of 'Early Lory' right after anthesis. There were not significant differences in pollen germination ratios of the cultivars, but boric acid treatments improved pollen germination ratios of all cultivars. Boric acid application increased pollen germination with 21%. This was followed by IAA (8%), GA3 (5%), KNO3 (4%). It was concluded based on present findings that in orchard establishment with the early cultivars, flower biology should momentously be assessed.

Efecto antibacteriano y antioxidante de frutos rojos ecuatorianos sobre streptococcus mutans: estudio in vitro / Antibacterial and antioxidant effect of ecuadorian red fruits on streptococcus mutans: in vitro study

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar mediante cuantificación de halos de inhibición el efecto antibacteriano de la cáscara y pulpa del capulí (Prunus serotina capulí) y del mortiño (Vaccinium floribundum), sobre cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 35668) a las 24 y 48 horas, comparado con arándano deshidratado y gluconato de clorhexidina al 0,12%. Materiales y métodos: Estudio experimental transversal in vitro, 15 cajas petri fueron utilizadas para sembrar 20ml de cultivo de cepas de Streptococcus mutans. En cada caja fueron colocados discos de fieltro impregnados con 20 μl de las sustancias evaluadas; mortiño y capulí, en pulpa y en cáscara, arándano deshidratado y gluconato de clorhexidina al 0,12% como control, distribuidos a una distancia equidistante. El análisis del efecto antibacteriano se realizó midiendo la zona de inhibición en un tiempo de 24 y 48 horas de incubación, los datos obtenidos se analizaron estadísticamente en el programa SPSS 22 mediante las pruebas paramétricas y de Kruskal Wallis. Resultados: No existió diferencia estadística significativa entre las variables analizadas, capulí y mortiño tanto en cáscara como en pulpa y clorhexidina empleada como control, en los dos períodos evaluados (p= > 0,05). Conclusiones: Los frutos rojos analizados tienen un efecto antibacteriano a las 24 y 48 horas, lo cual guarda relación con su capacidad antioxidante.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate by quantification of halos of inhibition, the antibacterial effect of the shell and pulp of capulí, (Prunus serotina capuli) and mortiño (Vaccinium floribundum), on strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 35668) at 24 and 48 hours, compared with dehydrated cranberry and chlorhexidine gluconate at 0,12%. Materials and methods: In vitro cross-sectional experimental study, 15 petri dishes were used to plant 20 ul of the evaluated substances were placed in each box, mortiño, and capuli, in pulp and in shell, dehydrated cranberry and 0,12% chlorhexidine gluconate as control, distributed at an equidistant distance. The analysis of the antibacterial effect was performed by measuring the zone of inhibition in a time of 24 and 48 hours of incubation, the dataobtained were statistically analyzed in the SPSS 22 program by parametric and Kruskal Wallis tests. Results: There was no significant statistical difference between the analyzed variables, capuli and mortiño, both in skin and pulp and chlorhexidine used as control, in the two evaluated periods of time (p=>0,05). Conclusions: The red fruits analyzed have an antibacterial effect 24 and 48 hours, which is related to its antioxidant capacity.

Antibacterial effect of Herniaria hirsuta, Prunus avium, Rubia tinctorum and Sempervivum tectorum plant extracts on multiple antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli / Efeito antibacteriano de Herniaria hirsuta, Prunus avium, Rubia tinctorum e Sempervivum tectorum extratos vegetais em vários resistentes a antibióticos Escherichia coli

The emergence of Escherichia coli isolates with multiple antibiotic resistant phenotypes is considered as a severe health concern. In the present work the antibacterial effect of following plants (Herniaria hirsuta, Prunus avium, Rubia tinctorum and Sempervivum tectorum) was examined. The bacterial model used for estimation of bacterial susceptibility is hospital multiple antibiotic resistant E. coli strain. E. coli ATCC 25922 was used for standard comparison of bacterial susceptibility. Leaves of H. hirsuta, R. tinctorum and S. tectorum as well as petioles of P. avium were collected. Ethanol and aqueous extract of each plant was prepared. Antibacterial activity was examined using the agar well diffusion method. Concentration of total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, antocyanins and saponins was determined in plant extracts. E. coli strain is resistant to four unrelated families of antibiotics. Antibacterial effect is proven for all examined plants. Ethanol extracts of H. hirsuta and P. avium have a more potent antibacterial effect than their aqueous extracts. Aqueous extracts of R. tinctorum and S. tectorum have higher antibacterial potential than theirs ethanol extracts. Examined plant extracts represent good candidates for more extensive research in view of their application in the treatment of multiple antibiotic resistant E.coli strains.

O surgimento de Escherichia coli isoladas com vários fenótipos resistentes aos antibióticos é considerado como um grave problema de saúde. No presente trabalho o efeito antibacteriano das seguintes plantas (Herniaria hirsuta, Prunus avium, Rubia tinctorum e Sempervivum tectorum) foi analisado. O agente bacteriano modelo utilizado para estimativa de susceptibilidade bacteriana é o hospital vários resistentes a antibióticos E. coli. E. coli ATCC 25922 padrão foi utilizado para comparação de antibiogramas. Folhas de H. hirsuta, R. tinctorum e S. tectorum bem como pecíolos de P. avium foram coletados. Etanol e extrato aquoso de cada planta foi preparado. Atividade antibacteriana foi analisada através do método de difusão em ágar-bem. Total Concentração de fenóis, flavonóides, taninos e saponinas antocyanins determinou-se em extratos de plantas. E. coli estirpe é resistente às quatro famílias de antibióticos independentes. Efeito antibacteriano é comprovado para todas as plantas examinadas. Os extratos etanólicos de H. hirsuta e P. avium têm um efeito mais potente antibacteriano de seus extratos aquosos. Extratos aquosos de R. tinctorum e S. tectorum têm maior potencial antibacteriano que os extratos etanólicos. Extratos vegetais examinados representam bons candidatos para pesquisa mais ampla em vista de sua aplicação no tratamento de vários antibióticos resistentes a cepas de E. coli.

Estudio comparativo de la actividad antioxidante in vitro de los extractos antociánicos y caracterización de las antocianidinas en los frutos de las especies vegetales Prunus serótina (capuli) Muehlenbeckia volcánica (Benth.) Endl. (Mullak'a) Monnina salicifolia R. & P. (Aceitunilla) / Comparative study of the antioxidant activity in vitro of the anthocyanin extracts and characterization of the anthocyanidins in the fruits of the plant species Prunus serótina (capuli) Muehlenbeckia volcanica (Benth.) Endl. (Mullak'a) Monnina salicifolia R. & P. (Aceitunilla)

Las antocianinas están presentes en muchos frutos (bayas) y flores, estos son colorantes naturales, pertenecientes al grupo de los flavonoides, a las que se les atribuye actividad antioxidante por su capacidad para neutralizar los efectos de los radicales libres sobre enfermedades crónico-degenerativas. En la presente investigación se utilizan extractos antociánicos de los frutos de Muehlenbleckia volcanica (Mullak'a), Monnina salicifolia (Aceitunilla) y Prunus serotina (Capuli), con el objetivo de evaluar su actividad antioxidante a diferentes concentraciones y caracterizar sus antocianidinas. Para determinar y comparar la actividad antioxidante in vitro se realizaron ensayos que corresponden a un estudio cuasiexperimental para lo cual se utilizó dos técnicas: la captura de radicales libres DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo) y el método químico ABTS (Acido 2,2-Azinobis-(-3-Etilbenzotiazolin-6-Sulfonico)), los resultados fueron expresados en porcentaje de captación de radicales libres y IC50. Las antocianidinas fueron identificadas mediante el análisis por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Todos los extractos antociánicos presentaron actividad antioxidante sobre ambos radicales, a diferentes concentraciones, de los cuales el extracto antociánico de Muehlenbleckia volcanica (Mullak'a) presentó mayor actividad antioxidante, con un IC50= 2.2247, 4.077 µg/ml frente a los radicales DPPH y ABTS respectivamente, seguido de Monnina salicifolia (Aceitunilla) y el extracto de Prunus serotina (Capuli) De la comparación con el antioxidante patrón, ácido ascórbico (vitamina C), los tres extractos antociánicos resultaron tener menor actividad antioxidante en ambos métodos. El presente estudio muestra que los extractos antociánicos evaluados poseen buena capacidad antioxidante, destacando Muehlenbleckia volcanica (Mullak'a) y Monnina salicifolia (Aceitunilla), además se identificó en ellos la presencia de dos antocianidinas (cianidina y delfmidina) de la seis más comunes. Por lo tanto, además de las características colorantes, los extractos antociánicos poseen potente propiedad antioxidante que podría ser aplicado en el campo de la industria alimentaria, cosmética y farmacéutica, muchos mecanismos antioxidantes podrían explicar el efecto de las antocianinas, como la donación de hidrogeno y quelación de metales.